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ストレス下のエバーグリーン運用:
七つの大罪がリアルタイムで顕在化

この記事は約3分で読めます

Scott Voss

シニアマーケットストラテジスト

Abigail Rayner

マネージング・ディレクター

Elliott Campbell

プリンシパル

『エバーグリーン投資の七つの大罪を克服する』の続編

11月に警告した七つの大罪のうち、4個が同じ四半期に現れました。

『エバーグリーン投資の七つの大罪を克服する』を発表した際、私たちはエバーグリーン戦略市場がいずれ直面すると考えていた一連のリスクを示しました。私たちは外部の観察者としてではなく、エバーグリーン戦略を構築し運用する実務者としてこれを書きました。

4か月後、これらの原則は業界全体で実際にストレステストされつつあります。最近のプライベートクレジット型エバーグリーン戦略の混乱や、AI によるソフトウェアセクターの再評価は、もはや抽象的なリスクではありません。

これらは現在進行中の事象であり、私たちが示したフレームワークに直接対応しています。

以下では、今回顕在化している4つの領域で何が起きているのか、そしてエバーグリーン戦略に資金を配分し、構築し、運用している方々にとって何を意味するのかを説明します。

暴食:分散すべきなのはポートフォリオだけではない

当初、私たちはこの大罪をポートフォリオ内での集中、つまり特定のセクター、地域、ビンテージへの偏りとして説明しました。それは今も重要な論点です。しかし最近の、いくつかの大型プライベートクレジット型エバーグリーン戦略における償還請求の急増は、別の意味での集中を浮き彫りにしました。それは投資家基盤そのものの集中です。

複数のケースで、資金流出は一つの大規模ウェルスマネジメントプラットフォーム—複数商品で大きな資本比率を占める巨大ディストリビューター—の動きに左右されたように見えます。投資家基盤が単一ディストリビューターに偏っている場合、その資金流出は、広く分散された償還パターンよりもはるかに大きな影響を与えます。

このリスクは、私たち自身を含め、すべてのエバーグリーン運用者が注視すべきものです。資本基盤の分散—販売チャネル、顧客タイプ、地域にまたがる分散—は、運用資産の分散と同じくらい重要です。また、機関投資家とのソフトロックやハードロックの仕組みを通じて資本の安定性を高めることも有効だと考えています。デューデリジェンスで問うべき新たなポイントは、「運用者の上位5つのディストリビューターおよびアンカー投資家がAUMのどれくらいを占めているか」です。

色欲:バリュエーション・ガバナンスが実世界のストレスを受ける

私たちは、頻繁なNAV算出は評価にプレッシャーを生み、独立した監督が不可欠だと警告していました。その原則は今、業界全体が直面しているマクロ環境—AIによるソフトウェアセクターの変化—と衝突しています。

ソフトウェアやテクノロジー企業への貸し出しは、多くのダイレクトレンディングやBDCのポートフォリオで重要な割合を占めます。これらは主にプライベートなポジションであり、市場ではなく運用者自身が評価しています。2026年2月のSaaSや周辺ソフトウェア企業の株価急落は、単純な問いを浮かび上がらせました。「プライベート評価は、この急速な環境変化に追いついているのか」と。これは他人事ではありません。ソフトウェア関連のエクスポージャーは、私たち自身のポートフォリオやレガシーファンドを含め、プライベート市場全体に広がっています。

重要なのは、これらのポジションを保有しているかどうかではありません。ほとんどの運用者が保有しています。差がつくのは、評価プロセスが独立的に管理され、セクター変動を踏まえてストレステストされ、現状が要求する厳しさで更新されているかどうかです。私たちはそこに注力しており、投資家のデューデリジェンスもそこに向けられるべきだと考えています。

傲慢:ゲートは議論の“終わり”ではなく、“始まり”である

私たちは、過信はエバーグリーン戦略のパフォーマンスを損なうものであり、流動性予測には謙虚さが必要だと述べました。最近、複数の著名ファンドで償還ゲートが発動されていますが、これは検討に値します。失敗ではなく、むしろ「これは第一波にすぎないのではないか?」という問いを投げかけるからです。

ゲートはエバーグリーンファンドの基本設計に組み込まれた機能です。償還が増えたタイミングでゲートが発動されるのは、仕組みが想定どおりに動いているということです。

問題は、その次に何が起きるかです。運用者は、強制売却やポートフォリオの歪みを避けながら第2、第3の償還サイクルを吸収できるよう、十分なリザーブや信用枠、自然なキャッシュ創出力を持っているのでしょうか。また、平均的な状況だけでなく、世界的危機のような相関した資金流出にも備えてストレステストが行われているのでしょうか。

実際には、特異的な償還とシステミックな償還をリアルタイムで区別することは難しいものです。今回の償還が一部ファンドに集中し、特定のディストリビューター要因によって生じたものかもしれません。一方でもっと広いリバランスの先行シグナルかもしれません。

この状況を最も上手く乗り切るのは、特異的な償還だとする説明が正しかったとしても、システミックなシナリオを想定して流動性基盤を整えていた運用者です。これは継続的に求められる姿勢であり、私たち自身も例外ではありません。

強欲:資金流入ペースが現在の問題を生んだ

現在、償還増加に直面しているファンドの多くは、2022〜2024年に最も急速に拡大したファンドでもあります。単一ビークルを数十億ドル規模まで急成長させることを急いだ結果、いま明らかになりつつある課題が生まれました。投資執行のプレッシャー、大規模化による評価の複雑性、そして投資家基盤の分散を上回るスピードで資本が増えたことです。

集中したチャネルから急速に資本が流入すると、実際に流出が起こる前に、相関した流出が起こりやすい土台ができてしまいます。資金調達のペースを、自然な投資執行能力や投資家基盤の分散と整合させるという規律は、リターンのためだけのものではありません。ファンドのレジリエンスを支える構造的な安全装置でもあります。

現在の状況:エバーグリーン戦略の構造そのものが問われているわけではない

エバーグリーン戦略の構造そのものが疑問視されているわけではありません。これは依然としてプライベート市場への魅力的なアクセス手段であり、このカテゴリーの成長は、より柔軟で継続投資型のビークルに対する実際の需要を反映しています。試されているのは、構造の中で運用者が採用する実務そのものです。そしてこのテストは健全だと考えています。

業界はこの期間を経て、販売チャネルの分散、より厳密な評価ガバナンス、そしてより実践的な流動性ストレステストに関する基準を強化していくはずです。私たちも同様に、この基準に自らを合わせています。七つの大罪は実務に使えるフレームワークとして設計したものであり、私たちはこれを自社でリアルタイムに適用すると同時に、パートナーや投資家の皆様にも運用者選定の際に活用いただくことを推奨しています。

11月に提示した問いは、当時よりも今のほうがさらに重要になっています。これは勝利宣言ではなく、取り組むべき課題が続いているという事実を再確認するものなのです。

重要な追加情報

分散投資は利益を保証するものではなく、損失を防止するものでもありません。本資料は情報提供のみを目的としており、現在または過去における推奨、証券の売却の申込み、証券の購入の勧誘、もしくは特定の投資戦略の採用を推奨するものとして解釈されるべきではありません。

本資料に記載されている見解は、公開時点における筆者の誠実な見解を示したものであり、最終的・確定的な投資助言ではありません。そのため、かかる意見に全面的に依拠することは適切ではありません。本資料は、社内で作成された情報および信頼できると考えられる情報源から取得した情報に基づいていますが、HarbourVest は当該情報の正確性、妥当性、完全性を保証するものではありません。また、本資料に記載された事象や予測が実際に発生する保証はなく、結果は記載されている意見とは大きく異なる可能性があります。

本資料に含まれる情報(金融市場のパフォーマンスに関する予測を含みます)は、現時点の市場環境に基づいています。市場環境は変動し得るものであり、その後の市場動向やその他の事由により、当該情報は変更または覆される可能性があります。

本資料はHarbourVestの英語記事Evergreen Management Under Stress: The Seven Sins in Real Time (https://www.harbourvest.com/insights-news/insights/evergreen-management-under-stress-the-seven-sins-in-real-time/)の参考翻訳です。翻訳文と英語原本の内容に矛盾・不一致が生じた場合には、英語版が優先されます。

Professional Investor Definition

“Professional Investor” under the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (the “SFO”) and its subsidiary legislation) means:

(a) any recognised exchange company, recognised clearing house, recognised exchange controller or recognised investor compensation company, or any person authorised to provide automated trading services under section 95(2) of the SFO;

(b) any intermediary, or any other person carrying on the business of the provision of investment services and regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong;

(c) any authorized financial institution, or any bank which is not an authorised financial institution but is regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong;

(d) any insurer authorized under the Insurance Ordinance (Cap. 41 of the Laws of Hong Kong), or any other person carrying on insurance business and regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong;

(e) any scheme which-

(i) is a collective investment scheme authorised under section 104 of the SFO; or

(ii) is similarly constituted under the law of any place outside Hong Kong and, if it is regulated under the law of such place, is permitted to be operated under the law of such place,

or any person by whom any such scheme is operated;

(f) any registered scheme as defined in section 2(1) of the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Cap. 485 of the Laws of Hong Kong), or its constituent fund as defined in section 2 of the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes (General) Regulation (Cap. 485A of the Laws of Hong Kong), or any person who, in relation to any such registered scheme, is an approved trustee or service provider as defined in section 2(1) of that Ordinance or who is an investment manager of any such registered scheme or constituent fund;

(g) any scheme which-

(i) is a registered scheme as defined in section 2(1) of the Occupational Retirement Schemes Ordinance (Cap. 426 of the Laws of Hong Kong); or

(ii) is an offshore scheme as defined in section 2(1) of that Ordinance and, if it is regulated under the law of the place in which it is domiciled, is permitted to be operated under the law of such place,

or any person who, in relation to any such scheme, is an administrator as defined in section 2(1) of that Ordinance;

(h) any government (other than a municipal government authority), any institution which performs the functions of a central bank, or any multilateral agency;

(i) except for the purposes of Schedule 5 to the SFO, any corporation which is-

(i) a wholly owned subsidiary of-

(A) an intermediary, or any other person carrying on the business of the provision of investment services and regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong; or

(B) an authorized financial institution, or any bank which is not an authorised financial institution but is regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong;

(ii) a holding company which holds all the issued share capital of-

(A) an intermediary, or any other person carrying on the business of the provision of investment services and regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong; or

(B) an authorized financial institution, or any bank which is not an authorised financial institution but is regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong; or

(iii) any other wholly owned subsidiary of a holding company referred to in subparagraph (ii); or

(j) any person of a class which is prescribed by rules made under section 397 of the SFO for the purposes of this paragraph as within the meaning of this definition for the purposes of the provisions of the SFO, or to the extent that it is prescribed by rules so made as within the meaning of this definition for the purposes of any provision of the SFO.

The first of such classes of additional “professional investor”, under the Securities and Futures (Professional Investor) Rules (Cap. 571D of the Laws of Hong Kong), are:

(k) any trust corporation (registered under Part VIII of the Trustee Ordinance (Cap. 29 of the Laws of Hong Kong) or the equivalent overseas) having been entrusted under the trust or trusts of which it acts as a trustee with total assets of not less than HK$40 million or its equivalent in any foreign currency at the relevant date (see below) or-

(i) as stated in the most recent audited financial statement prepared-

(A) in respect of the trust corporation; and

(B) within 16 months before the relevant date;

(ii) as ascertained by referring to one or more audited financial statements, each being the most recent audited financial statement, prepared-

(A) in respect of the trust or any of the trust; and

(B) within 16 months before the relevant date; or

(iii) as ascertained by referring to one or more custodian (see below) statements issued to the trust corporation-

(A) in respect of the trust or any of the trusts; and

(B) within 12 months before the relevant date;

(l) any individual, either alone or with any of his associates (the spouse or any child) on a joint account, having a portfolio (see below) of not less than HK$8 million or its equivalent in any foreign currency at the relevant date or-

(i) as stated in a certificate issued by an auditor or a certified public accountant of the individual within 12 months before the relevant date; or

(ii)  as ascertained by referring to one or more custodian statements issued to the individual (either alone or with the associate) within 12 months before the relevant date;

(m) any corporation or partnership having-

(i) a portfolio of not less than HK$8 million or its equivalent in any foreign currency; or

(ii) total assets of not less than HK$40 million or its equivalent in any foreign currency, at the relevant date, or as ascertained by referring to-

(iii) the most recent audited financial statement prepared-

(A) in respect of the corporation or partnership (as the case may be); and

(B) within 16 months before the relevant date; or

(iv) one or more custodian statements issued to the corporation or partnership (as the case may be) within 12 months before the relevant date; and

(n) any corporation the sole business of which is to hold investments and which at the relevant date is wholly owned by any one or more of the following persons-

(i) a trust corporation that falls within the description in paragraph (k);

(ii) an individual who, either alone or with any of his or her associates on a joint account, falls within the description in paragraph (k);

(iii) a corporation that falls within the description in paragraph (m);

(iv) a partnership that falls within the description in paragraph (m).

For the purposes of paragraphs (k) to (n) above:

  • “relevant date” means the date on which the advertisement, invitation or document (made in respect of securities or structured products or interests in any collective investment scheme, which is intended to be disposed of only to professional investors), is issued, or possessed for the purposes of issue;
  • “custodian” means (i) a corporation whose principal business is to act as a securities custodian, or (ii) an authorised financial institution under the Banking Ordinance (Cap. 155 of the Laws of Hong Kong); an overseas bank; a corporation licensed under the SFO; or an overseas financial intermediary, whose business includes acting as a custodian; and
  • “portfolio” means a portfolio comprising any of the following (i) securities; (ii) certificates of deposit issued by an authorised financial institution under the Banking Ordinance (Cap, 155 of the Laws of Hong Kong) or an overseas bank; and (iii) except for trust corporations, cash held by a custodian.

Institutional Investor / Accredited Investor Definition

An institutional investor as defined in Section 4A of the SFA and Securities and Futures (Classes of Investors) Regulations 2018 is:

(a) the Singapore Government;

(b) a statutory board as may be prescribed by regulations made under section 341 of the SFA, as prescribed in the Second Schedule of the Securities and Futures (Classes of Investors) Regulations 2018;

(c) an entity that is wholly and beneficially owned, whether directly or indirectly, by a central government of a country and whose principal activity is —

(i) to manage its own funds;

(ii) to manage the funds of the central government of that country (which may include the reserves of that central government and any pension or provident fund of that country); or

(iii) to manage the funds (which may include the reserves of that central government and any pension or provident fund of that country) of another entity that is wholly and beneficially owned, whether directly or indirectly, by the central government of that country;

(d) any entity —

(i) that is wholly and beneficially owned, whether directly or indirectly, by the central government of a country; and

(ii) whose funds are managed by an entity mentioned in sub‑paragraph (c);

(e) a bank that is licensed under the Banking Act 1970;

(f) a merchant bank that is licensed under the Banking Act 1970;

(g) a finance company that is licensed under the Finance Companies Act 1967;

(h) a company or co‑operative society that is licensed under the Insurance Act 1966 to carry on insurance business in Singapore;

(i) a company licensed under the Trust Companies Act 2005;

(j) a holder of a capital markets services licence;

(k) an approved exchange;

(l) a recognised market operator;

(m) an approved clearing house;

(n) a recognised clearing house;

(o) a licensed trade repository;

(p) a licensed foreign trade repository;

(q) an approved holding company;

(r) a Depository as defined in section 81SF of the SFA;

(s) a pension fund, or collective investment scheme, whether constituted in Singapore or elsewhere;

(t) a person (other than an individual) who carries on the business of dealing in bonds with accredited investors or expert investors;

(u) a designated market‑maker as defined in paragraph 1 of the Second Schedule to the Securities and Futures (Licensing and Conduct of Business) Regulations;

(v) a headquarters company or Finance and Treasury Centre which carries on a class of business involving fund management, where such business has been approved as a qualifying service in relation to that headquarters company or Finance and Treasury Centre under section 43D(2)(a) or 43E(2)(a) of the Income Tax Act 1947;

(w) a person who undertakes fund management activity (whether in Singapore or elsewhere) on behalf of not more than 30 qualified investors;

(x) a Service Company (as defined in regulation 2 of the Insurance (Lloyd’s Asia Scheme) Regulations) which carries on business as an agent of a member of Lloyd’s;

(y) a corporation the entire share capital of which is owned by an institutional investor or by persons all of whom are institutional investors;

(z) a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership within the meaning of the Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2005) in which each partner is an institutional investor.

An accredited investor as defined in Section 4A of the SFA and Securities and Futures (Classes of Investors) Regulations 2018 is:

(i)  an individual —

(A) whose net personal assets exceed in value $2 million (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) or such other amount as the Authority may prescribe in place of the first amount;

(B) whose financial assets (net of any related liabilities) exceed in value $1 million (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) or such other amount as the Authority may prescribe in place of the first amount, where “financial asset” means —

(BA) a deposit as defined in section 4B of the Banking Act 1970;

(BB) an investment product as defined in section 2(1) of the Financial Advisers Act 2001; or

(BC) any other asset as may be prescribed by regulations made under section 341; or

(C) whose income in the preceding 12 months is not less than $300,000 (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) or such other amount as the Authority may prescribe in place of the first amount;

(ii)  a corporation with net assets exceeding $10 million in value (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) or such other amount as the Authority may prescribe, in place of the first amount, as determined by —

(A) the most recent audited balance sheet of the corporation; or

(B) where the corporation is not required to prepare audited accounts regularly, a balance sheet of the corporation certified by the corporation as giving a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the corporation as of the date of the balance sheet, which date must be within the preceding 12 months;

(iii) A trustee of a trust which all the beneficiaries are accredited investors; or

(iv) A trustee of a trust which the subject matter exceeds S$10 million; or

(v) An entity (other than a corporation) with net assets exceeding S$10 million (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) in value. “Entity” includes an unincorporated association, a partnership and the government of any state, but does not include a trust; or

(vi) A partnership (other than a limited liability partnership) in which every partner is an accredited investor; or

(vii) A corporation which the entire share capital is owned by one or more persons, all of whom are accredited investors.

Continuation solutions encompass a host of transaction types in which a GP secures interim liquidity and/or additional primary capital for their LPs in a strongly performing asset, or set of assets, that the GP will continue to own and control. Specifically, they include continuation funds, new funds created by GPs for the purpose of acquiring the asset(s) that continue to be managed by the same GP and capitalized by one or several secondary buyers, or equity recapitalizations involving a direct equity or structured equity investment into a portfolio company. These transactions can also include a parallel investment from the GP’s latest fund into that same pool of assets (a “cross-fund trade”).