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Overcoming the Seven Sins of Evergreen Investing

November 6, 2025 | 3 min read

Julia Hanmer

Vice President

Ethan Puritz

Associate

Not all evergreen funds are created equal. As these funds grow more popular, managers may fall prey to what we see as the “Seven Sins” of evergreen investing, including excessive fundraising, improper use of leverage and more. Read further to explore what each of these sins are and the best practices investors should check for when selecting a manager. 

Evergreen funds continue to proliferate across the market, attracting both institutional and wealth investors and fueling more than 60 new funds launched or in registration this year alone.1

Annual launches of evergreen funds

Source: Pitchbook as of July 15, 2025.

Yet, this growth creates a more crowded landscape for manager selection. With no traditional evaluation tools like widely accepted standardized benchmarks to help investors, thoughtful due diligence has never been more essential. Recent data highlights significant performance dispersion among evergreen funds, with one-year returns varying by as much as 11% between top and bottom decile managers.2

To help investors navigate these complexities, we’ve compiled several common pitfalls of managers: the “Seven Sins” of evergreen portfolio management. While the metaphor is playful, the risks are real and demand careful attention.

1. Greed: Excessive Fundraising 

Some may have the temptation to raise capital rapidly and outpace a manager’s ability to deploy funds effectively. In evergreen structures, managers are incentivized to grow assets under management, often charging fees on net asset value (NAV). Unlike traditional private equity funds, evergreen managers cannot control the timing of investor subscriptions, making fundraising discipline a critical skill. 

Best Practice: Develop a conservative, well-considered fundraising plan that aligns with organic cash generation, expected distributions, deal flow velocity, and forecasted redemption activity. Capacity targets should be tailored for each fund, with a focus on sustainable growth rather than scale for its own sake. 

2. Sloth: Inefficient Deployment and Cash Drag 

Slow or inconsistent deal flow can lead to cash drag, diluting portfolio returns. Achieving and maintaining full investment is vital. 

Best Practice: Build a diversified pipeline and maintain high deal velocity. Managers should resist the temptation to ease underwriting standards as funds grow. Instead, they should uphold rigorous criteria consistent with flagship drawdown programs, ensuring capital is deployed efficiently without compromising quality. 

3. Envy: Chasing Secondary Discounts 

Recent headlines have spotlighted the role of secondary discounts in evergreen fund performance. While acquiring assets at a discount can boost short-term returns, this approach is inherently procyclical, expanding during market stress and contracting during optimism, making reliance on them risky. Furthermore, excessive exposure to mature, tail end assets can limit go-forward appreciation potential. 

Best Practice: Investors should scrutinize the quality of discounted assets, recognizing that some may be low quality or past their prime. A more durable strategy focuses on assets with long-term appreciation potential, even if discounts are smaller. Diversification across younger, higher-quality portfolios may enhance resilience and has the potential to deliver more consistent returns. 

4. Wrath: Improper Use of Leverage 

Leverage, particularly through fund-level credit facilities, can be a useful tool when managed prudently. However, drawing on credit facilities to meet routine operational needs or support redemptions introduces significant risk and cost. Liquidity tends to dry up during market stress, and overreliance on credit facilities can leave funds exposed during crises.

Best Practice: Managers should treat credit facilities as an insurance policy, sizing them appropriately and stress-testing their use during adverse market conditions.

5. Lust: Valuation Distortion 

Evergreen funds require frequent NAV calculations, often within tight timeframes. Accurate NAV estimates are crucial, as they directly impact investor transactions. However, in the absence of readily observable market prices for some assets, valuations carry the risk of being overly optimistic to support performance. 

Best Practice: Implement independent oversight of valuation policies, whether through third-party providers, internal teams separate from investment decision-makers, or a hybrid approach. Key considerations include repeatable and independent frameworks for adjusting valuations, regular review and documentation of decisions, and alignment with investors through robust governance. 

6. Gluttony: Inadequate Diversification 

Quantitative analysis consistently shows that thoughtful diversification is the most effective way to achieve attractive risk-adjusted outcomes in private markets. Concentration risk with overexposure to a single type of deal or source of deal flow can undermine portfolio resilience.

Best Practice: True diversification should span multiple factors, including but not limited to, region, sector, industry, company size, and investment year, tailored to the fund’s mandate. Not all managers are equipped to deliver the necessary breadth and velocity of deal flow. Multi-manager approaches are advantageous as they have access to diverse opportunities.3

7. Pride: Overconfidence in Fund Management 

Overconfidence is the silent killer of evergreen performance. Liquidity forecasts, redemption pacing, and cash-flow timing rarely behave as modeled – especially in stressed markets. 

Best Practice: Build humility into forecasting. Use scenario analysis, Monte Carlo simulations, and stress testing to capture tail-risk dynamics. The central risk for evergreen funds is liquidity, so establish institutionalized portfolio management teams that continuously update assumptions and track liquidity coverage ratios. 

Connect with HarbourVest

Don’t Get Caught in the Shadows 

Evergreen funds offer compelling access to private markets, but their unique structure demands careful design and disciplined execution. The “Seven Sins” outlined above are not theoretical – they manifest in real portfolios and can erode performance and trust if left unchecked.

Best practices in fundraising, deployment, asset selection, leverage, valuation, diversification, and fund management serve as guardrails. By paying careful attention to which managers do and do not have these practices, investors can pursue evergreens’ significant potential with greater confidence. 

HarbourVest’s evergreen strategies are fueled by highly selective deal flow sourced from more than 650 managers worldwide and a data-driven, disciplined investment approach managed by a dedicated team.   We apply our four decades of experience in private markets to design solutions that work hard at the core of your portfolio, across market cycles and investment styles. 

Footnotes
  1. Pitchbook Q3 2025 Quantitative Perspectives: US Market Insights.
  2. Q2 2025 Pitchbook Analyst Note: The Return of Evergreen Funds, based on US fund data from Morningstar. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results.
  3. Diversification does note ensure a profit or protect against a loss. 
Disclosure

IMPORTANT INFORMATION AND RISK FACTORS 

HarbourVest Partners, LLC is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. This material is solely for informational purposes and should not be viewed as a current or past recommendation or an offer to sell or the solicitation to buy securities or adopt any investment strategy.  The opinions expressed herein represent the current, good faith views of the author(s) at the time of publication, are not definitive investment advice, and should not be relied upon as such. This material has been developed internally and/or obtained from sources believed to be reliable; however, HarbourVest does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of such information. There is no assurance that any events or projections will occur, and outcomes may be significantly different than the opinions shown here.  This information, including any projections concerning financial market performance, is based on current market conditions, which will fluctuate and may be superseded by subsequent market events or for other reasons. The information contained herein must be kept strictly confidential and may not be reproduced or redistributed in any format without the express written approval of HarbourVest.  

Nothing herein should be construed as a solicitation, offer, recommendation, representation of suitability, legal advice, tax advice, or endorsement of any security or investment and should not be relied upon by you in evaluating the merits of investing in HarbourVest funds or in any other investment decision.    

An investment in a fund will involve significant risks, including loss of the entire investment. Before deciding to invest in a fund, prospective investors should pay particular attention to the risk factors contained in the Memorandum. Prospective investors should make their own investigations and evaluations of the information contained herein. Prior to the closing of a private offering of interests in a fund, HarbourVest will give investors the opportunity to ask questions and receive additional information concerning the terms and conditions of such offering and other relevant matters. Each prospective investor should consult its own attorney, business advisor, and tax advisor as to legal, business, tax, and related matters concerning the information contained herein and such offering.  

Certain information contained herein (including financial information and information relating to investments) has been obtained from published and non-published sources. Such information has not been independently verified by HarbourVest. Except where otherwise indicated herein, the information provided herein is based on matters as they exist as of the date of preparation and not as of any future date, and will not be updated or otherwise revised to reflect information that subsequently becomes available, or circumstances existing or changes occurring after the date hereof. Any forecast provided herein is based on HarbourVest’s opinion of the market as of the date of preparation and is subject to change, dependent on future changes in the market.  

In considering any performance data contained herein, you should bear in mind that past performance is not a reliable indicator of future results. Certain information contained herein constitutes forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of terms such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “project”, “estimate”, “intend”, “continue”, or “believe” (or the negatives thereof) or other variations thereof. Due to various risks and uncertainties, including those discussed above, actual events or results or actual performance of a fund may differ materially from those reflected or contemplated in such forward-looking statements. As a result, investors should not rely on such forward-looking statements in making their investment decisions.  

There is no guarantee that the investment strategies described herein will succeed under all market conditions nor are they suitable for all investor types. Each investor should evaluate their ability to invest long-term, especially during periods of downturn in the market. No representation is made that any account, product, or strategy will achieve profits.  

An investment in the private markets involves high degree of risk, and therefore, should be undertaken only by prospective investors capable of evaluating the risks of a fund and bearing the risks such an investment represents. The following is a summary of only some of the risks and is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed “Certain Investment Considerations, Risks and Conflicts of Interest” sections of the Private Placement Memorandum, if applicable.  

Risks Related to the Structure and Terms of a Private Markets Fund. Investments in a fund of funds structure may subject investors to additional risks which would not be incurred if such investor were investing directly in private equity funds. Such risks may include but are not limited to (i) multiple levels of expense; and (ii) reliance on third-party management. In addition, a fund may issue capital calls, and failure to meet the capital calls can result in consequences including, but not limited to, a total loss of investment.  

Illiquidity of Interests; Limitations on Transfer; No Market for Interests. An investor in a HarbourVest-managed closed-end fund or account will generally not be permitted to transfer its interest without the consent of the general partner of such fund. Furthermore, the transferability of an interest will be subject to certain restrictions contained in the governing documents of a closed-end fund and will be affected by restrictions imposed under applicable securities laws. A HarbourVest-managed open-end fund or account will generally provide limited liquidity events for investors, subject to certain restrictions contained in the governing documents of an open-end fund and will be affected by restrictions imposed under applicable securities laws. There is currently no market for the interests in HarbourVest-managed funds or accounts, and it is not contemplated that one will develop. The interests should only be acquired by investors able to commit their funds for an indefinite period of time, as the term of the closed-end fund could continue for over 14 years. In addition, there are very few situations in which an investor may withdraw from a private equity closed-end fund. The possibility of total loss of an investment in a fund exists and prospective investors should not invest unless they can readily bear such a loss.  

Risk of Loss. There can be no assurance that the operations of a strategy will be profitable or that the strategy will be able to avoid losses or that cash from operations will be available for distribution to the limited partners. The possibility of partial or total loss of capital of the strategy exists, and prospective investors should not subscribe unless they can readily bear the consequences of a complete loss of their investment.  

Leverage. The strategy may use leverage in its investment strategy. Leverage may take the form of loans for borrowed money or derivative securities and instruments that are inherently leveraged, including options, futures, forward contracts, swaps and repurchase agreements. The strategy may use leverage to acquire, directly or indirectly, new investments. The use of leverage by the strategy can substantially increase the market exposure (and market risk) to which the strategies’ investment portfolio may be subject.  

Availability of Suitable Investments. The business of identifying and structuring investments of the types contemplated by the strategy is competitive and involves a high degree of uncertainty. Furthermore, the availability of investment opportunities generally will be subject to market conditions and competition from other groups as well as, in some cases, the prevailing regulatory or political climate. Interest rates, general levels of economic activity, the price of securities, and participation by other investors in the financial markets may affect the value and number of investments made by the strategy or considered for prospective investment.   

Sustainable Investing. HarbourVest considers certain sustainable investing standards or metrics when evaluating investments as part of the larger goal of maximizing financial returns on investments. It should not be assumed that any sustainable investing initiatives, standards, or metrics utilized by HarbourVest will apply to each asset in which HarbourVest invests or that any sustainable investing initiatives, standards, or metrics were applicable to each of HarbourVest’s prior investments. Sustainable investing is only one of many considerations that HarbourVest takes into account when making investment decisions, and other considerations can be expected in certain circumstances to outweigh sustainable investing considerations. Any sustainable investing initiatives, standards or metrics will be implemented with respect to a portfolio investment solely to the extent HarbourVest determines such an initiative is consistent with its broader investment goals. Accordingly, certain investments may exhibit characteristics that are inconsistent with HarbourVest’s stated sustainability initiatives, standards, or metrics. Applying sustainable investing standards or metrics to investment decisions is qualitative and subjective by nature, and there is no guarantee that the criteria utilized by HarbourVest or any judgment exercised by HarbourVest in making an investment decision will reflect the sustainable investing-related beliefs or values of any particular investor or group of investors.    

Reliance on the General Partner and Investment Manager. The success of the strategy will be highly dependent on the financial and managerial expertise of a fund’s general partner and investment manager and their expertise in the relevant markets. The quality of results of the general partner and investment manager will depend on the quality of their personnel. There are risks that death, illness, disability, change in career or new employment of such personnel could adversely affect results of the strategy. The limited partners will not make decisions with respect to the acquisition, management, disposition or other realization of any investment, or other decisions regarding the strategies’ businesses and portfolio.  

Market Risk. Private equity, as a form of equity capital, shares similar economic exposures as public equities. As such, investments in each can be expected to earn the equity risk premium, or compensation for assuming the non-diversifiable portion of equity risk. However, unlike public equity, private equity’s sensitivity to public markets is likely greatest during the late stages of the fund’s life because the level of equity markets around the time of portfolio company exits can negatively affect private equity realizations. Though private equity managers have the flexibility to potentially time portfolio company exits to complete transactions in more favorable market environments, there’s still the risk of capital loss from adverse financial conditions.  

Incorporating artificial intelligence into the investment decision process. Recent technological advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning technology (collectively, “Machine Learning Technology”) and the reliance on Machine Learning Technology for investment and allocation decision making could pose risks to HarbourVest, a fund and its portfolio companies or their respective affiliates. Machine Learning Technology is generally highly reliant on the collection and analysis of large amounts of data, and it may not be possible or practicable to incorporate all relevant data into any given model that Machine Learning Technology utilizes to operate. Additionally, certain data in such models will inevitably contain a degree of inaccuracy and error—potentially materially so—and could otherwise be inadequate or flawed, which would likely degrade the effectiveness of Machine Learning Technology. To the extent that HarbourVest, a fund, or the portfolio companies utilize Machine Learning Technology and its applications, including in the private investment and financial sectors, continue to develop rapidly, and it is impossible to predict the future risks that may arise from such developments.  

Potential Conflicts of Interest. The activities of the strategies may conflict with the activities of other HarbourVest-managed funds or accounts.  

Tax Risks. An investment in the strategy involves tax risks, which may be material, including the risk of tax payments and tax filing obligations in multiple jurisdictions, which may apply both to the investor and the strategy.  The taxation of the strategy and investors in the strategy is complex and subject to uncertainty.  Prospective investors should consult with their tax, legal, and accounting advisers prior to making an investment in the strategy in light of their specific circumstances.  

Evergreen Investing Risk. An evergreen fund is an alternative investment fund that has an indefinite life span and continuously raises capital rather than having a predetermined fundraising period and lifecycle, as do traditional private equity or venture capital funds. Prospective investors should be aware that an investment in an alternative investment is speculative and involves a high degree of risk. Alternative Investments often engage in leveraging and other speculative investment practices that may increase the risk of investment loss; can be highly illiquid; may not be required to provide periodic pricing or valuation information to investors; may involve complex tax structures and delays in distributing important tax information; are not subject to the same regulatory requirements as mutual funds; and often charge high fees. There is no guarantee that an alternative investment will implement its investment strategy and/ or achieve its objectives, generate profits, or avoid loss. An investment should only be considered by sophisticated investors who can afford to lose all or a substantial amount of their investment.  

Professional Investor Definition

“Professional Investor” under the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (the “SFO”) and its subsidiary legislation) means:

(a) any recognised exchange company, recognised clearing house, recognised exchange controller or recognised investor compensation company, or any person authorised to provide automated trading services under section 95(2) of the SFO;

(b) any intermediary, or any other person carrying on the business of the provision of investment services and regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong;

(c) any authorized financial institution, or any bank which is not an authorised financial institution but is regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong;

(d) any insurer authorized under the Insurance Ordinance (Cap. 41 of the Laws of Hong Kong), or any other person carrying on insurance business and regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong;

(e) any scheme which-

(i) is a collective investment scheme authorised under section 104 of the SFO; or

(ii) is similarly constituted under the law of any place outside Hong Kong and, if it is regulated under the law of such place, is permitted to be operated under the law of such place,

or any person by whom any such scheme is operated;

(f) any registered scheme as defined in section 2(1) of the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Cap. 485 of the Laws of Hong Kong), or its constituent fund as defined in section 2 of the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes (General) Regulation (Cap. 485A of the Laws of Hong Kong), or any person who, in relation to any such registered scheme, is an approved trustee or service provider as defined in section 2(1) of that Ordinance or who is an investment manager of any such registered scheme or constituent fund;

(g) any scheme which-

(i) is a registered scheme as defined in section 2(1) of the Occupational Retirement Schemes Ordinance (Cap. 426 of the Laws of Hong Kong); or

(ii) is an offshore scheme as defined in section 2(1) of that Ordinance and, if it is regulated under the law of the place in which it is domiciled, is permitted to be operated under the law of such place,

or any person who, in relation to any such scheme, is an administrator as defined in section 2(1) of that Ordinance;

(h) any government (other than a municipal government authority), any institution which performs the functions of a central bank, or any multilateral agency;

(i) except for the purposes of Schedule 5 to the SFO, any corporation which is-

(i) a wholly owned subsidiary of-

(A) an intermediary, or any other person carrying on the business of the provision of investment services and regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong; or

(B) an authorized financial institution, or any bank which is not an authorised financial institution but is regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong;

(ii) a holding company which holds all the issued share capital of-

(A) an intermediary, or any other person carrying on the business of the provision of investment services and regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong; or

(B) an authorized financial institution, or any bank which is not an authorised financial institution but is regulated under the law of any place outside Hong Kong; or

(iii) any other wholly owned subsidiary of a holding company referred to in subparagraph (ii); or

(j) any person of a class which is prescribed by rules made under section 397 of the SFO for the purposes of this paragraph as within the meaning of this definition for the purposes of the provisions of the SFO, or to the extent that it is prescribed by rules so made as within the meaning of this definition for the purposes of any provision of the SFO.

The first of such classes of additional “professional investor”, under the Securities and Futures (Professional Investor) Rules (Cap. 571D of the Laws of Hong Kong), are:

(k) any trust corporation (registered under Part VIII of the Trustee Ordinance (Cap. 29 of the Laws of Hong Kong) or the equivalent overseas) having been entrusted under the trust or trusts of which it acts as a trustee with total assets of not less than HK$40 million or its equivalent in any foreign currency at the relevant date (see below) or-

(i) as stated in the most recent audited financial statement prepared-

(A) in respect of the trust corporation; and

(B) within 16 months before the relevant date;

(ii) as ascertained by referring to one or more audited financial statements, each being the most recent audited financial statement, prepared-

(A) in respect of the trust or any of the trust; and

(B) within 16 months before the relevant date; or

(iii) as ascertained by referring to one or more custodian (see below) statements issued to the trust corporation-

(A) in respect of the trust or any of the trusts; and

(B) within 12 months before the relevant date;

(l) any individual, either alone or with any of his associates (the spouse or any child) on a joint account, having a portfolio (see below) of not less than HK$8 million or its equivalent in any foreign currency at the relevant date or-

(i) as stated in a certificate issued by an auditor or a certified public accountant of the individual within 12 months before the relevant date; or

(ii)  as ascertained by referring to one or more custodian statements issued to the individual (either alone or with the associate) within 12 months before the relevant date;

(m) any corporation or partnership having-

(i) a portfolio of not less than HK$8 million or its equivalent in any foreign currency; or

(ii) total assets of not less than HK$40 million or its equivalent in any foreign currency, at the relevant date, or as ascertained by referring to-

(iii) the most recent audited financial statement prepared-

(A) in respect of the corporation or partnership (as the case may be); and

(B) within 16 months before the relevant date; or

(iv) one or more custodian statements issued to the corporation or partnership (as the case may be) within 12 months before the relevant date; and

(n) any corporation the sole business of which is to hold investments and which at the relevant date is wholly owned by any one or more of the following persons-

(i) a trust corporation that falls within the description in paragraph (k);

(ii) an individual who, either alone or with any of his or her associates on a joint account, falls within the description in paragraph (k);

(iii) a corporation that falls within the description in paragraph (m);

(iv) a partnership that falls within the description in paragraph (m).

For the purposes of paragraphs (k) to (n) above:

  • “relevant date” means the date on which the advertisement, invitation or document (made in respect of securities or structured products or interests in any collective investment scheme, which is intended to be disposed of only to professional investors), is issued, or possessed for the purposes of issue;
  • “custodian” means (i) a corporation whose principal business is to act as a securities custodian, or (ii) an authorised financial institution under the Banking Ordinance (Cap. 155 of the Laws of Hong Kong); an overseas bank; a corporation licensed under the SFO; or an overseas financial intermediary, whose business includes acting as a custodian; and
  • “portfolio” means a portfolio comprising any of the following (i) securities; (ii) certificates of deposit issued by an authorised financial institution under the Banking Ordinance (Cap, 155 of the Laws of Hong Kong) or an overseas bank; and (iii) except for trust corporations, cash held by a custodian.

Institutional Investor / Accredited Investor Definition

An institutional investor as defined in Section 4A of the SFA and Securities and Futures (Classes of Investors) Regulations 2018 is:

(a) the Singapore Government;

(b) a statutory board as may be prescribed by regulations made under section 341 of the SFA, as prescribed in the Second Schedule of the Securities and Futures (Classes of Investors) Regulations 2018;

(c) an entity that is wholly and beneficially owned, whether directly or indirectly, by a central government of a country and whose principal activity is —

(i) to manage its own funds;

(ii) to manage the funds of the central government of that country (which may include the reserves of that central government and any pension or provident fund of that country); or

(iii) to manage the funds (which may include the reserves of that central government and any pension or provident fund of that country) of another entity that is wholly and beneficially owned, whether directly or indirectly, by the central government of that country;

(d) any entity —

(i) that is wholly and beneficially owned, whether directly or indirectly, by the central government of a country; and

(ii) whose funds are managed by an entity mentioned in sub‑paragraph (c);

(e) a bank that is licensed under the Banking Act 1970;

(f) a merchant bank that is licensed under the Banking Act 1970;

(g) a finance company that is licensed under the Finance Companies Act 1967;

(h) a company or co‑operative society that is licensed under the Insurance Act 1966 to carry on insurance business in Singapore;

(i) a company licensed under the Trust Companies Act 2005;

(j) a holder of a capital markets services licence;

(k) an approved exchange;

(l) a recognised market operator;

(m) an approved clearing house;

(n) a recognised clearing house;

(o) a licensed trade repository;

(p) a licensed foreign trade repository;

(q) an approved holding company;

(r) a Depository as defined in section 81SF of the SFA;

(s) a pension fund, or collective investment scheme, whether constituted in Singapore or elsewhere;

(t) a person (other than an individual) who carries on the business of dealing in bonds with accredited investors or expert investors;

(u) a designated market‑maker as defined in paragraph 1 of the Second Schedule to the Securities and Futures (Licensing and Conduct of Business) Regulations;

(v) a headquarters company or Finance and Treasury Centre which carries on a class of business involving fund management, where such business has been approved as a qualifying service in relation to that headquarters company or Finance and Treasury Centre under section 43D(2)(a) or 43E(2)(a) of the Income Tax Act 1947;

(w) a person who undertakes fund management activity (whether in Singapore or elsewhere) on behalf of not more than 30 qualified investors;

(x) a Service Company (as defined in regulation 2 of the Insurance (Lloyd’s Asia Scheme) Regulations) which carries on business as an agent of a member of Lloyd’s;

(y) a corporation the entire share capital of which is owned by an institutional investor or by persons all of whom are institutional investors;

(z) a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership within the meaning of the Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2005) in which each partner is an institutional investor.

An accredited investor as defined in Section 4A of the SFA and Securities and Futures (Classes of Investors) Regulations 2018 is:

(i)  an individual —

(A) whose net personal assets exceed in value $2 million (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) or such other amount as the Authority may prescribe in place of the first amount;

(B) whose financial assets (net of any related liabilities) exceed in value $1 million (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) or such other amount as the Authority may prescribe in place of the first amount, where “financial asset” means —

(BA) a deposit as defined in section 4B of the Banking Act 1970;

(BB) an investment product as defined in section 2(1) of the Financial Advisers Act 2001; or

(BC) any other asset as may be prescribed by regulations made under section 341; or

(C) whose income in the preceding 12 months is not less than $300,000 (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) or such other amount as the Authority may prescribe in place of the first amount;

(ii)  a corporation with net assets exceeding $10 million in value (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) or such other amount as the Authority may prescribe, in place of the first amount, as determined by —

(A) the most recent audited balance sheet of the corporation; or

(B) where the corporation is not required to prepare audited accounts regularly, a balance sheet of the corporation certified by the corporation as giving a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the corporation as of the date of the balance sheet, which date must be within the preceding 12 months;

(iii) A trustee of a trust which all the beneficiaries are accredited investors; or

(iv) A trustee of a trust which the subject matter exceeds S$10 million; or

(v) An entity (other than a corporation) with net assets exceeding S$10 million (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) in value. “Entity” includes an unincorporated association, a partnership and the government of any state, but does not include a trust; or

(vi) A partnership (other than a limited liability partnership) in which every partner is an accredited investor; or

(vii) A corporation which the entire share capital is owned by one or more persons, all of whom are accredited investors.

Continuation solutions encompass a host of transaction types in which a GP secures interim liquidity and/or additional primary capital for their LPs in a strongly performing asset, or set of assets, that the GP will continue to own and control. Specifically, they include continuation funds, new funds created by GPs for the purpose of acquiring the asset(s) that continue to be managed by the same GP and capitalized by one or several secondary buyers, or equity recapitalizations involving a direct equity or structured equity investment into a portfolio company. These transactions can also include a parallel investment from the GP’s latest fund into that same pool of assets (a “cross-fund trade”).